Tumour Markers at the National Cancer Centre Singapore

What Are Tumour Markers

Tumour markers are substances such as proteins, enzymes or genetic material that may be produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer. Also commonly known as cancer markers, tumour markers are most commonly detected through blood testing. They form part of the comprehensive diagnostic and monitoring framework at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS).

While tumour markers are biological indicators that may be elevated in certain cancers, tumour marker levels alone cannot diagnose or rule out cancer. However, they provide important clinical information when combined with imaging, pathology results and other investigations reviewed by NCCS specialists.

How Tumour Marker Testing Supports Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Tumour marker testing is integrated into NCCS’s multidisciplinary approach to cancer care, helping specialists make informed decisions at every stage of diagnosis and management.

• Diagnostic support: Tumour marker levels can complement imaging and biopsy findings to help confirm the presence or type of cancer. 
• Treatment monitoring: Changes in tumour marker levels may reflect how well a treatment is working and whether adjustments are needed.
• Recurrence detection: Regular testing helps identify possible cancer recurrence earlier in follow-up care. 
• Comprehensive evaluation: Results are reviewed by specialists in oncology, pathology, and laboratory medicine to ensure clinical accuracy.

It is important to note that many cancers do not have known tumour markers. In these cases, your healthcare provider will recommend other lab tests or imaging tests.

How tumour markers are checked at NCCS

Blood tests are the most common method for measuring tumour markers. A small sample is taken from a vein and analysed for substances that may be released by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer.

Blood tests are frequently used to evaluate treatment response and support follow up care after treatment. They are also useful because they can be repeated easily and provide a quick indication of changes in disease activity.

Examples of Common Tumour Markers

NCCS conducts testing for a wide range of tumour markers. Examples include:

• Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) - used to support the evaluation and monitoring of prostate cancer. 
• Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) - commonly used in diagnostic support and follow up for colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers. 
• CA 125 (Cancer Antigen 125) – commonly used when monitoring ovarian and other gynaecologic cancers. 
• Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) - associated with liver cancer and germ cell tumours 
• CA 19-9 (Cancer Antigen 19-9) - used in pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers

Results are interpreted in context by trained specialists and are used together with imaging tests to provide a comprehensive assessment for cancer.

Patient Preparation and Safety

Tumour marker tests are safe and minimally invasive. Preparation varies depending on the type of test.

• Your NCCS care team will advise if there is a need for you to fast or make temporary medication adjustments. 
• Inform your specialist about any infections, medications or recent procedures. 
• Bring previous laboratory or imaging results if available.
• Your NCCS care team will explain which markers are being tested and why.

All procedures are performed according to strict laboratory and clinical safety standards.

What to Expect During the Test

1. Referral and Scheduling

Your NCCS specialist will determine which tumour markers are appropriate and arrange testing as part of your diagnostic or follow-up plan.

2. Before the Test

Preparation is usually minimal. You will be advised if fasting or medication adjustments are necessary.

3. Sample Collection

A venous blood sample is taken by a trained phlebotomist.

4. Laboratory Analysis

The sample is analysed in an accredited laboratory using sensitive immunoassay or molecular techniques.

5. After the Test

Results are reviewed by laboratory and oncology specialists, then shared with your doctor to discuss next steps or additional investigations if required.

Our Expertise in Cancer Marker Testing

At NCCS, tumour marker testing is performed within a robust clinical framework supported by specialists in oncology, pathology, and molecular diagnostics. Our collaborative approach links laboratory results directly with clinical decision-making, helping doctors and patients track progress, evaluate treatment success, and plan long-term follow-up.

Guidance and Support

Tumour markers are one part of a wider set of diagnostic and monitoring tools. Your NCCS specialist will explain which markers are being tested, how to prepare, and how the results will contribute to your care plan. For more information about tumour marker blood tests and other diagnostic services, please visit www.nccs.com.sg or speak with your NCCS care team.