Cell Therapy and Cancer Vaccine

Our laboratory focuses primarily on cancer immunology and immunotherapy for solid tumours. Since our lab’s establishment in 2001, we have been pursuing ever more efficacious immunotherapies for cancers to answer unmet medical needs, investigating into the underlying immune regulatory mechanisms within tumour microenvironment, and biomarkers for prediction of treatment efficacy. In particular, our team has clocked over 20 years of cell and gene therapy R&D and clinical translation experience, establishing Singapore’s first systematic Cell and Gene Immunotherapy Programme in solid tumours.

By conducting clinical trials of in-house produced cell therapies, we became the first team in Singapore to develop the know-how in manufacturing clinical-grade cellular immunotherapy products, set up a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) cell manufacturing operation as well as the associated Quality Management System, and successfully delivering this class of innovative therapies to local and regional patients for their unmet needs. One of our cell therapy projects was a phase II clinical trial of combined adoptive EBV-specific T-cell therapy and combination chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Owing to the trial’s promising clinical outcome, this cell therapy was licensed to a local startup biotech company which went on to successfully completed a FDA IND randomized phase III clinical trial in 330 patients across 30 sites in 5 countries. This is to date the world’s largest completed T cell therapy trial in any cancer type. Our team was instrumental in laying the operational foundation of this trial and remained as technical consultants throughout the project. It was also through this clinical trial project that a gap in Singapore’s infrastructure was identified – a centralised national GMP facility capable of supporting multiple cell, tissue and gene therapy clinical projects and function as an incubator was critically needed. The result is the national GMP facility ACTRIS, which is the fruit of a proposal first submitted by NCCS leadership and our lab in 2017. Continuing on efforts to realise our vision, we have more recently developed an autologous cancer neoantigen-targeting dendritic cell vaccine which is administered in combination with an anti-PD1 drug as an adjuvant treatment for patients with resectable liver cancer or colorectal liver metastasis. There is currently an unmet need to reduce the high relapse rates in these groups of patients, which are approximately 50% within two years of surgical resection of patients’ tumours. This new immunotherapy is currently being tested in an ongoing phase II clinical trial. Besides this, development of other immunotherapies are also in progress. Our translational research area pivots on such immunotherapy clinical projects to identify predictive transcriptomic-based and cellular biomarkers using single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-Seq), Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-Seq), mass cytometry, spatial transcriptomics, and to investigate the functionality of the immune cells of interest and diversity of TCR using highly multiplexed secretome proteomics and single-cell TCR sequencing, etc.

Another key focus of our laboratory is to study the biology and identify novel treatment strategies against HCC, focusing on gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between the tumour and the immune microenvironment including the study of novel immune checkpoints. GATA4, is a key transcription gene that we reported as central to oncogenesis when a copy of GATA4 is deleted. Our goal is to elucidate the biological pathways associated with GATA4 and its loss. In collaboration with A*STAR institutions including Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), and Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB), we have developed novel immunocompetent Gata4-deficiency liver cancer mouse models, novel humanised HCC mouse models, as well as uncovered key metabolic pathways related to HCC tumorigenesis. We have further identified the loss-of-GATA4 related tumour microenvironment changes and the potential mechanisms using combined scRNA-Seq and untargeted metabolomics, followed by comprehensive in vitro characterisation. The rational combination immunotherapy is currently being tested in the established preclinical models. We are also establishing in vitro 3D systems, including organoids, to further interrogate HCC biology and explore therapeutic targeting.

Selected Publications

1. Tay RE, Ho CM, Ang NDZ, Tay HC, Lopez DZ, Na QR, Tan YW, Koh SM, Tan KP, Lee W, Lim J, Lau M, Toh HC, Rotzschke O, Rénia L. Serotonin receptor 5-HT2A as a potential target for HCC immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2025 Jun 23;13(6):e011088. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2024-011088. PMID: 40550560; PMCID: PMC12186046.
2. Chong WQ, Low JL, Tay JK, Le TBU, Goh GS, Sooi K, Teo HL, Cheo SW, Wong RT, Samol J, Lim MY, Li H, Shirgaonkar N, Chia S, Wang L, Gopinathan A, Eu DK, Tsang RK, Loh KS, Toh HC, Syn N, Kong LR, Dasgupta R, Tai BC, Lim YC, Goh BC. Pembrolizumab with or without bevacizumab in platinum-resistant recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2025 Feb;26(2):175-186. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00677-6. Epub 2025 Jan 15. PMID: 39826567.
3. Chia JWK, Segelov E, Deng Y, Ho GF, Wang W, Han S, Sharma A, Ding K, Chen G, Jeffery MG, Tham CK, Ahn JB, Nott L, Zielinski R, Chao TY, van Hagen T, Wei PL, Day F, Mehta S, Yau T, Peng J, Hayes TM, Li Y, Gandhi M, Foo EMJ, Rahman N, Rothwell P, Ali R, Simes J, Toh HC. Aspirin after completion of standard adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer (ASCOLT): an international, multicentre, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025 Mar;10(3):198-209. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00387-X. Epub 2025 Jan 14. PMID: 39824200.
4. Chen K, Tong AKT, Moe FNN, Ng DCE, Lo RHG, Gogna A, Yan SX, Thang SP, Loke KSH, Venkatanarasimha NK, Huang HL, Too CW, Ong TSK, Yeo EX, Peh DYY, Ng AWY, Yang L, Chan WY, Chang JPE, Goh BKP, Toh HC, Chow PKH. The Impact of Radiation Dose and Tumour Burden on Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 11-Year Experience in a 413-Patient Cohort Treated with Yttrium-90 Resin Microsphere Radioembolisation. Liver Cancer. 2024 Sep 19;14(2):158-179. doi: 10.1159/000541539. PMID: 40255874; PMCID: PMC12005707.
5. Toh HC, Yang MH, Wang HM, Hsieh CY, Chitapanarux I, Ho KF, Hong RL, Ang MK, Colevas AD, Sirachainan E, Lertbutsayanukul C, Ho GF, Nadler E, Algazi A, Lulla P, Wirth LJ, Wirasorn K, Liu YC, Ang SF, Low SHJ, Tho LM, Hasbullah HH, Brenner MK, Wang WW, Ong WS, Tan SH, Horak I, Ding C, Myo A, Samol J. Gemcitabine, carboplatin, and Epstein-Barr virus-specific autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: VANCE, an international randomized phase III trial. Ann Oncol. 2024 Sep 4:S0923-7534(24)03923-1. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.08.2344. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39241963.
6. Ng KYY, Teo AEK, Tan SH, Tan JJE, Tay DSH, Lee AWX, Ang AJS, Wong LWJ, Choo SP, Toh HC, Lee SY, Lee JJX, Tai DW. Impact of Antibiotics and Chronic Medications on Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2024 Nov 27. doi: 10.1111/ajco.14139. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39601254.
7. Liu WN, Harden SL, Wen Tan SL, Rou Tan RJ, Fong SY, Tan SY, Liu M, Karnik I, Ho Shuen TW, Toh HC, Fan Y, Lim SG, Yen Chan JK, Chen Q. Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals anti-tumor potency of CD56+ NK cells and CD8+ T cells in humanized mice via PD-1 and TIGIT co-targeting. Mol Ther. 2024 Sep 23:S1525-0016(24)00611-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.09.025. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39318093.
8. Nasir NJM, Chuah S, Shuen T, Prawira A, Ba R, Lim MC, Chua J, Nguyen PHD, Lim CJ, Wasser M, Hazirah SN, Lim TKH, Leow WQ, Loh TJ, Wan WK, Pang YH, Soon G, Cheow PC, Kam JH, Iyer S, Kow A, Dan YY, Bonney GK, Chung A, Goh BKP, Chow PKH, Albani S, Zhai W, Ouyang JF, Toh HC, Chew V. GATA4 downregulation enhances CCL20-mediated immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Commun. 2024 Aug 19;8(9):e0508. doi: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000508. PMID: 39167427; PMCID: PMC11340929.
9. Zhao J, Wang Q, Tan AF, Loh CJL, Toh HC. Sex differences in cancer and immunotherapy outcomes: the role of androgen receptor. Front Immunol. 2024 May 28;15:1416941. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416941. PMID: 38863718; PMCID: PMC11165033.
10. Chen J, Kaya NA, Zhang Y, Kendarsari RI, Sekar K, Lee Chong S, Seshachalam VP, Ling WH, Jin Phua CZ, Lai H, Yang H, Lu B, Lim JQ, Ma S, Chew SC, Chua KP, Alvarez JJS, Wu L, Ooi L, Chung AY, Cheow PC, Kam JH, Kow AW, Ganpathi IS, Bunchaliew C, Thammasiri J, Koh PS, Ong DB, Lim J, de Villa VH, Dela Cruz RD, Loh TJ, Wan WK, Leow WQ, Yang Y, Liu J, Skanderup AJ, Pang YH, Soon GST, Madhavan K, Lim TK, Bonney G, Goh BKP, Chew V, Dan YY, Toh HC, Foo RS, Tam WL, Zhai W, Chow PK. A multimodal atlas of hepatocellular carcinoma reveals convergent evolutionary paths and 'bad apple' effect on clinical trajectory. J Hepatol. 2024 May 21:S0168-8278(24)00352-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.05.017. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38782118.
11. Chee CE, Khara JS, Cheong J, Fong J, Sivanesan S, Choy JY, Hu M, Viswambaram A, Toh HC. Cost-effectiveness analysis of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab compared with sorafenib as first-line treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in Singapore. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2024 Jun;24(5):631-641. doi: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2319607. Epub 2024 May 22. PMID: 38776431.
12. Zheng S, Chan SW, Liu F, Liu J, Chow PKH, Toh HC, Hong W. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Drug Therapeutic Status, Advances and Challenges. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Apr 20;16(8):1582. doi: 10.3390/cancers16081582. PMID: 38672664; PMCID: PMC11048862.
13. Yeo BSY, Lee RS, Lim NE, Tan E, Jang IJH, Toh HC, Lim CM. Efficacy and Safety of Cell-based Immunotherapy in The Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2024 May;152:106786. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106786. Epub 2024 Apr 13. PMID: 38615584.
14. Meng J, Tan JYT, Joseph CR, Ye J, Lim JCT, Goh D, Xue Y, Lim X, Koh VCY, Wee F, Tay TKY, Chan JY, Ng CCY, Iqbal J, Lau MC, Lim HE, Toh HC, Teh BT, Dent RA, Tan PH, Yeong JPS. The Prognostic Value of CD39 as a Marker of Tumor-Specific T Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Asian Women. Lab Invest. 2023 Dec 14;104(3):100303. doi: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100303. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38103870.
15. Qin S, Chen M, Cheng AL, Kaseb AO, Kudo M, Lee HC, Yopp AC, Zhou J, Wang L, Wen X, Heo J, Tak WY, Nakamura S, Numata K, Uguen T, Hsiehchen D, Cha E, Hack SP, Lian Q, Ma N, Spahn JH, Wang Y, Wu C, Chow PKH; IMbrave050 investigators including Toh HC. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus active surveillance in patients with resected or ablated high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma (IMbrave050): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Nov 18;402(10415):1835-1847. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01796-8. Epub 2023 Oct 20. PMID: 37871608.
16. Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol. 2023 Oct 2;13:1202117. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117. PMID: 37901329; PMCID: PMC10600384.
17. Kaya NA, Tai D, Lim X, Lim JQ, Lau MC, Goh D, Phua CZJ, Wee FYT, Joseph CR, Lim JCT, Neo ZW, Ye J, Cheung L, Lee J, Loke KSH, Gogna A, Yao F, Lee MY, Shuen TWH, Toh HC, Hilmer A, Chan YS, Lim TK, Tam WL, Choo SP, Yeong J, Zhai W. Multimodal molecular landscape of response to Y90-resin microsphere radioembolization followed by nivolumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2023 Aug;11(8):e007106. doi: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007106. PMID: 37586766; PMCID: PMC10432632.
18. Day D, Toh HC, Ali R, Foo EMJ, Simes J, Chia JWK, Segelov E; ASCOLT Investigators. Operational Challenges of an Asia-Pacific Academic Oncology Clinical Trial. JCO Glob Oncol. 2023 Jun;9:e2300040. doi: 10.1200/GO.23.00040. PMID: 37364220.
19. Zhao J, Lee K, Toh HC, Lam KP, Neo SY. Unravelling the role of obesity and lipids during tumor progression. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Mar 30;14:1163160. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1163160. PMID: 37063269; PMCID: PMC10097918.
20. Zhao J, Fong A, Seow SV, Toh HC. Organoids as an Enabler of Precision Immuno-Oncology. Cells. 2023 Apr 14;12(8):1165. doi: 10.3390/cells12081165. PMID: 37190074; PMCID: PMC10136954.
21. Wuestefeld A, Iakovleva V, Yap SXL, Ong ABL, Huang DQ, Shuen TWH, Toh HC, Dan YY, Zender L, Wuestefeld T. A Pro-Regenerative Environment Triggers Premalignant to Malignant Transformation of Senescent Hepatocytes. Cancer Res. 2023 Feb 3;83(3):428-440. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-1477. PMID: 36449018; PMCID: PMC9896023.
22. Tan TJ, Ang WXG, Wang WW, Chong HS, Tan SH, Cheong R, Chia JW, Syn NL, Shuen WH, Ba R, Kaliaperumal N, Au B, Hopkins R, Li X, Tan AC, Seet AOL, Connolly JE, Arkachaisri T, Chew V, Lajam ABM, Guo D, Chew MZW, Wasser M, Kumar P, Albani S, Toh HC. A phase I study of an adenoviral vector delivering a MUC1/CD40-ligand fusion protein in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun. 2022 Oct 28;13(1):6453. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33834-4. PMID: 36307410; PMCID: PMC9616917.
23. Shuen TWH, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Öcal E, Malfertheiner P, Wildgruber M, Schinner R, Pech M, Benckert J, Sangro B, Kuhl C, Gasbarrini A, Chow PKH, Toh HC, Ricke J. Extracellular Vesicles May Predict Response to Radioembolization and Sorafenib Treatment in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Exploratory Analysis from the SORAMIC Trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Sep 1;28(17):3890-3901. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-0569. PMID: 35763041; PMCID: PMC9433961.
24. Zhu AX, Abbas AR, de Galarreta MR, Guan Y, Lu S, Koeppen H, Zhang W, Hsu CH, He AR, Ryoo BY, Yau T, Kaseb AO, Burgoyne AM, Dayyani F, Spahn J, Verret W, Finn RS, Toh HC, Lujambio A, Wang Y. Molecular correlates of clinical response and resistance to atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Med. 2022 Aug;28(8):1599-1611. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01868-2. Epub 2022 Jun 23. PMID: 35739268.
25. Nguyen PHD, Wasser M, Tan CT, Lim CJ, Lai HLH, Seow JJW, DasGupta R, Phua CZJ, Ma S, Yang J, Suthen SD, Tam WL, Lim TKH, Yeong J, Leow WQ, Pang YH, Soon G, Loh TJ, Wan WK, Chan CY, Cheow PC, Toh HC, Kow A, Dan YY, Kam JH, Iyer S, Madhavan K, Chung A, Bonney GK, Goh BKP, Fu N, Yu VC, Zhai W, Albani S, Chow PKH, Chew V. Trajectory of immune evasion and cancer progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun. 2022 Mar 17;13(1):1441. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29122-w. PMID: 35301339; PMCID: PMC8931110.
26. Suthen S, Lim CJ, Nguyen PHD, Dutertre CA, Lai HLH, Wasser M, Chua C, Lim TKH, Leow WQ, Loh TJ, Wan WK, Pang YH, Soon G, Cheow PC, Kam JH, Iyer S, Kow A, Tam WL, Shuen TWH, Toh HC, Dan YY, Bonney GK, Chan CY, Chung A, Goh BKP, Zhai W, Ginhoux F, Chow PKH, Albani S, Chew V. Hypoxia-driven immunosuppression by Treg and type-2 conventional dendritic cells in HCC. Hepatology. 2022 Nov;76(5):1329-1344. doi: 10.1002/hep.32419. Epub 2022 Mar 17. PMID: 35184329.
27. Shuen TWH, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Öcal E, Malfertheiner P, Wildgruber M, Schinner R, Pech M, Benckert J, Sangro B, Kuhl C, Gasbarrini A, Chow PKH, Toh HC, Ricke J. Extracellular Vesicles May Predict Response to Radioembolization and Sorafenib Treatment in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Exploratory Analysis from the SORAMIC Trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Sep 1;28(17):3890-3901. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-0569. PMID: 35763041; PMCID: PMC9433961.
28. Tay RE, Richardson EK, Toh HC. Revisiting the role of CD4+ T cells in cancer immunotherapy-new insights into old paradigms. Cancer Gene Ther. 2021 Feb;28(1-2):5-17. doi: 10.1038/s41417-020-0183-x. Epub 2020 May 27. PMID: 32457487; PMCID: PMC7886651.
29. Han S, Shuen T, Wang WW, Nazim E, Toh HC. Tailoring precision immunotherapy: coming to a clinic soon? ESMO Open. 2020;5 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):e000631. doi: 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000631. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PMID: 33558033; PMCID: PMC7046383.
30. Chong YC, Toh TB, Chan Z, Lin QXX, Thng DKH, Hooi L, Ding Z, Shuen T, Toh HC, Dan YY, Bonney GK, Zhou L, Chow P, Wang Y, Benoukraf T, Chow EK, Han W. Targeted Inhibition of Purine Metabolism Is Effective in Suppressing Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression. Hepatol Commun. 2020 Jul 27;4(9):1362-1381. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1559. PMID: 32923839; PMCID: PMC7471427.
31. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim TY, Kudo M, Breder V, Merle P, Kaseb AO, Li D, Verret W, Xu DZ, Hernandez S, Liu J, Huang C, Mulla S, Wang Y, Lim HY, Zhu AX, Cheng AL; IMbrave150 Investigators. Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 14;382(20):1894-1905. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915745. PMID: 32402160.
32. Ding Z, Ericksen RE, Escande-Beillard N, Lee QY, Loh A, Denil S, Steckel M, Haegebarth A, Shuen T, Chow P, Toh HC, Reversade B, Gruenewald S, Han W. Metabolic pathway analyses identify proline biosynthesis pathway as a promoter of liver tumorigenesis. J Hepatol. 2020 Apr;72(4):725-735. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.026. Epub 2019 Nov 11. PMID: 31726117.
33. Hopkins R, Xiang W, Marlier D, Au VB, Ching Q, Wu LX, Guan R, Lee B, Chia WK, Wang WW, Wee J, Ng J, Cheong R, Han S, Chu A, Chee CL, Shuen T, Podinger M, Lezhava A, Toh HC†, Connolly JE†. Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Underpin Resistance to Adoptive T Cell Therapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Mol Ther. 2021 Feb 3;29(2):734-743. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.040. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PMID: 33038324; PMCID: PMC7854281. (†co-corresponding authors)
34. Ericksen RE, Lim SL, McDonnell E, Shuen T, Vadiveloo M, White PJ, Ding Z, Kwok R, Lee P, Radda GK, Toh HC, Hirschey MD, Han W. Loss of BCAA Catabolism during Carcinogenesis Enhances mTORC1 Activity and Promotes Tumor Development and Progression. Cell Metab. 2019 May 7;29(5):1151-1165.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.020. Epub 2019 Jan 17. PMID: 30661928; PMCID: PMC6506390.
35. Zhao Y, Shuen T, Toh TB, Chan XY, Liu M, Tan SY, Fan Y, Yang H, Lyer SG, Bonney GK, Loh E, Chang KTE, Tan TC, Zhai W, Chan JKY, Chow EK, Chee CE, Lee GH, Dan YY, Chow PK, Toh HC, Lim SG, Chen Q. Development of a new patient-derived xenograft humanised mouse model to study human-specific tumour microenvironment and immunotherapy. Gut. 2018 Oct;67(10):1845-1854. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315201. Epub 2018 Mar 30. PMID: 29602780; PMCID: PMC6145285.
36. Enane FO*, Shuen T*, Gu X, Quteba E, Przychodzen B, Makishima H, Bodo J, Ng J, Chee CL, Ba R, Seng Koh L, Lim J, Cheong R, Teo M, Hu Z, Ng KP, Maciejewski J, Radivoyevitch T, Chung A, Ooi LL, Tan YM, Cheow PC, Chow P, Chan CY, Lim KH, Yerian L, Hsi E, Toh HC†, Saunthararajah Y†. GATA4 loss of function in liver cancer impedes precursor to hepatocyte transition. J Clin Invest. 2017 Sep 1;127(9):3527-3542. doi: 10.1172/JCI93488. Epub 2017 Jul 31. PMID: 28758902; PMCID: PMC5669578. (*co-first authors, †co-corresponding authors)
37. Cainap C, Qin S, Huang WT, Chung IJ, Pan H, Cheng Y, Kudo M, Kang YK, Chen PJ, Toh HC, Gorbunova V, Eskens FA, Qian J, McKee MD, Ricker JL, Carlson DM, El-Nowiem S. Linifanib versus Sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jan 10;33(2):172-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.54.3298. Epub 2014 Dec 8. PMID: 25488963; PMCID: PMC4279237.
38. Bard-Chapeau EA, Nguyen AT, Rust AG, Sayadi A, Lee P, Chua BQ, New LS, de Jong J, Ward JM, Chin CK, Chew V, Toh HC, Abastado JP, Benoukraf T, Soong R, Bard FA, Dupuy AJ, Johnson RL, Radda GK, Chan EC, Wessels LF, Adams DJ, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. Transposon mutagenesis identifies genes driving hepatocellular carcinoma in a chronic hepatitis B mouse model. Nat Genet. 2014 Jan;46(1):24-32. doi: 10.1038/ng.2847. Epub 2013 Dec 8. PMID: 24316982; PMCID: PMC4131144.
39. Chia WK, Teo M, Wang WW, Lee B, Ang SF, Tai WM, Chee CL, Ng J, Kan R, Lim WT, Tan SH, Ong WS, Cheung YB, Tan EH, Connolly JE, Gottschalk S, Toh HC. Adoptive T-cell transfer and chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of metastatic and/or locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Ther. 2014 Jan;22(1):132-9. doi: 10.1038/mt.2013.242. Epub 2013 Oct 17. PMID: 24297049; PMCID: PMC3978790.
40. Chia WK, Wang WW, Teo M, Tai WM, Lim WT, Tan EH, Leong SS, Sun L, Chen JJ, Gottschalk S, Toh HC. A phase II study evaluating the safety and efficacy of an adenovirus-ΔLMP1-LMP2 transduced dendritic cell vaccine in patients with advanced metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2012 Apr;23(4):997-1005. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdr341. Epub 2011 Aug 4. PMID: 21821548; PMCID: PMC3314324.
41. Chia WK, Ali R, Toh HC. Aspirin as adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer--reinterpreting paradigms. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012 Oct;9(10):561-70. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.137. Epub 2012 Aug 21. PMID: 22910681.
42. Chew V, Tow C, Teo M, Wong HL, Chan J, Gehring A, Loh M, Bolze A, Quek R, Lee VK, Lee KH, Abastado JP, Toh HC†, Nardin A†. Inflammatory tumour microenvironment is associated with superior survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J Hepatol. 2010 Mar;52(3):370-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.07.013. Epub 2009 Aug 3. PMID: 19720422. (†co-corresponding authors)
43. Toh HC, Wang WW, Chia WK, Kvistborg P, Sun L, Teo K, Phoon YP, Soe Y, Tan SH, Hee SW, Foo KF, Ong S, Koo WH, Zocca MB, Claesson MH. Clinical Benefit of Allogeneic Melanoma Cell Lysate-Pulsed Autologous Dendritic Cell Vaccine in MAGE-Positive Colorectal Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;15(24):7726-7736. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1537. PMID: 19996212.