Cowden syndrome, or PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome, is a hereditary cancer syndrome.
PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS) is a hereditary condition caused by a faulty (disease-causing) PTEN gene.
‘Hamartoma’ is a general term for a benign, or non-cancerous, tumour-like growth. PHTS is a broader term which includes Cowden syndrome (CS).
PTEN is a gene that makes an important protein to control cell growth and division. When a fault occurs in the PTEN gene, the protein cannot be made properly and cell growth becomes uncontrollable, which often leads to the development of benign tumours or cancer.
In rare cases, individuals with faults in other genes like AKT1 and PIK3CA can present with features similar to CS. Genetic testing can clarify where the gene fault lies.
CS occurs in an estimated one in 200,000 people. Individuals with CS may develop both benign and malignant (cancerous) tumours in the breasts, uterus, thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, skin, tongue and gums.
People with CS are also at higher risk of developing various cancers.
Hereditary cancer makes up about 5-10% of all cases of cancer. Some genes function to protect us from cancer. When they are not working well, it causes hereditary cancer. We refer to genes that are not working well as faulty genes.
Individuals who carry a faulty cancer gene(s) have a higher chance of developing certain cancers over their lifetime compared to the general population. The types of cancers that they may be at increased risk of will depend on the gene(s) involved.
If you have a faulty cancer gene, you may be at increased risk of developing certain cancers. As genes are shared among family, other family members may have inherited the faulty gene and may be at increased risk of cancer too.
Hereditary cancer accounts for up to 10% of all cases of cancer.
Genetic testing is offered to individuals where a hereditary cause of their personal and/or family history of cancer is suspected.
Genes contain the instructions that our body reads to carry out different functions. Genetic testing involves analysing your genes to understand if there are faults (i.e., mutations) that may increase the risk of diseases like cancer.
There are 3 types of results you may receive:
Variant of Uncertain Significance (VUS)
The common cancers in individuals with a faulty PTEN gene
Note: The cancers associated with a faulty PTEN gene and their risk estimates may change as more information is available.
Other non-cancer features associated with CS include:
Cowden syndrome follows a dominant inheritance pattern. This means that having one copy of a faulty PTEN gene will result in the diagnosis of CS and an increased risk of tumours/cancer. It affects both males and females.
Everyone has 2 copies of each gene in their body’s cells:
Individuals can be diagnosed with CS through a physical examination and clinical evaluation by a doctor with experience in managing the condition, to assess if the clinical diagnostic criteria of CS is met.
If a patient is found to meet clinical testing criteria or to have features suggestive of CS, genetic testing may be offered.
Genetic testing is usually recommended for individuals who meet one or more of the criteria below:
Note: The criteria outlined here may change as more information is available.
Your genetic test result may help confirm a clinical diagnosis of CS. Understanding if you have CS provides you with options for managing your risk of tumours/cancer.For example, screening options may be recommended to you which can help to detect tumours/cancer at its earliest, most treatable and manageable stage.In some cases, you may choose to undergo surgery that can help to reduce your risk of developing cancer (not standard management). For individuals planning a family, dedicated reproductive options may also be available.
Your genetic test result can also help you understand if other family members are at risk of CS. They can subsequently consider their own testing (predictive testing) to clarify their carrier status to determine tumour and cancer risks.Family members who have inherited the same faulty gene may be at increased risk of tumours and cancer and can benefit from management options such as screening (to detect tumours and cancer at an early and manageable stage) or surgery (to reduce their risk of cancer).Family members who did not inherit the faulty gene can avoid unnecessary screening and worry. Their children will also not be at risk.
Screening helps to detect (and in some cases treat) tumours and/or cancer at an early and manageable stage.
Your managing doctor(s) will discuss screening recommendations with you in greater detail, which may be tailored based on your personal and medical history. The age and onset for screening may depend on your personal and/or family history of cancer. Screening guidelines may change as more information is known.
In some cases, risk-reducing surgery may be offered to help reduce the risk of cancer.
Your managing doctor(s) will discuss these options with you in greater detail. These surgeries reduce cancer risk significantly but do not remove the risk entirely.
Q: Who is the best person in the family to undergo genetic testing?A: Genetic testing is usually offered to the family member whose personal history is most suggestive of a hereditary cancer syndrome (e.g., someone with a personal history of tumours/cancer at a young age or clinical presentations suggestive of CS).
It is usually not advisable to test someone without a history of cancer, tumours or clinical features.
The genetic test results of an asymptomatic individual may have limitations:
Once the faulty gene in the family is identified, genetic testing can be offered to other family members, including those who do not have cancer. This would help in understanding if they have inherited the faulty gene and if so, tailoring their management to manage or reduce their risks.
Q: Is testing recommended in children?A: As children with CS may develop medical issues or tumours/cancer at a young age, genetic testing for CS is recommended in young children. However, genetic testing is only offered when the child has a personal history suggestive of CS, or if a faulty gene is identified in the family (i.e., a parent has CS).
If my genetic test result is positive, it means that I have or will have cancer, or my cancer will recur.
FALSE. Results from a genetic test do not determine the likelihood of a tumour/cancer being present or tumour/cancer recurrence. Instead, a genetic test that indicates you have CS means you may face an increased risk of tumours/cancer developing over your lifetime.
If I test positive, it means that my children will also have CS.
FALSE. If you have a genetic test result confirming a diagnosis of CS (a faulty PTEN gene is identified), it means that your children have a 50% (1 in 2) chance of inheriting the same faulty PTEN gene.
I have two brothers, so one will inherit the faulty gene and one will not, because there is a 50% chance.
FALSE. Each first degree relative has a 50% chance of inheriting the faulty gene. One sibling’s result does not determine the chances of the other sibling.
I only need to tell my brothers, sisters and children. My extended relatives (aunties, uncles, cousins) are too far removed so I do not need to let them know.
FALSE. Distant relatives can inherit the faulty gene. It is important to let them know so that they can consider their own genetic testing (predictive testing) to understand their risk of developing tumours/cancer.
I (or my relative) already had cancer, so I (or my relative) need not undergo genetic testing.
FALSE. Individuals who have been diagnosed with cancer previously should still consider genetic testing, especially if their personal history is suggestive of CS. They may be at risk of developing another tumour/cancer, for which there are early screening strategies that can help detect tumours/cancer at a early and manageable stage.
Download the Cowden Syndrome brochure.
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